(Not) being granted the right to belong-Amateur football clubs in Germany.

Empirical studies show that first- and second-generation immigrants are less likely to be members of sports clubs than their non-immigrant peers. Common explanations are cultural differences and socioeconomic disadvantages. However, lower participation rates in amateur sport could be at least partly due to ethnic discrimination. Are minority ethnic groups granted the same right to belong as their non-immigrant peers? To answer this question, this paper uses publicly available data from a field experiment in which mock applications were sent out to over 1,600 football clubs in Germany. Having a foreign-sounding name significantly reduces the likelihood of being invited to participate. The paper concludes that amateur football clubs are not as permeable as they are often perceived to be. It claims that traditional explanations for lower participation rates of immigrants need to be revisited.

Dataset for field experiments analyzing discrimination in amateur soccer.

This paper presents data of field experiments that analyze discrimination in amateur soccer. The studies created fake accounts and asked amateur soccer coaches to come for a trial practice. The fake accounts had either a native- or a foreign-sounding name. The dataset is based on three published studies that analyzed discrimination in 23 countries. The dataset contains 24,915 observations and several variables that are interesting for further research. This data can be used to compare discrimination in amateur soccer with discrimination in diverse fields, such as migration, economics, or political science. For a more detailed discussion, please see the published articles.

Three wavelengths integrated: Efficacy and safety of a novel combination for hair removal.

BACKGROUND: Laser hair removal is one of the most popular aesthetic procedures. AIMS: The study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of a novel applicator combining three wavelengths (1064 nm, 810 nm, and 755 nm) for hair removal. PATIENTS/METHODS: This prospective study included a four-session hair removal treatment with three wavelengths combined and emitted simultaneously using an in-motion technique. Patients were treated in eight-week intervals between each session and a follow-up of 3 months. RESULTS: Twenty-two men (mean age 41.5 years, SD = 6.1) were included: two (9.1%) Fitzpatrick skin type II, 19 (86.4%) type III, and one (4.5%) type IV. Treated areas were two abdomens (14%), fourteen backs (64%), and five thoraxes (23%). Hair characteristics were evaluated with a dermatoscopic imaging system. Three months after the last session, the mean decrease in the hair count was of 75.6% (SD 5.9) (p < 0.0001), in hair density of 75.6% (SD 5.9) (p < 0.0001), in the terminal hair number of 60.1% (SD 55.0) (p < 0.0001), and in the vellus hair number of 39.7% (SD 72.9) (p = 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The combined three different wavelengths in a single device provided a wide range of absorption and penetration, allowing for a safe and effective treatment.

Chronological and biological aging of the human left ventricular myocardium: Analysis of microRNAs contribution.

Aging is the main risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. In humans, cardiac aging remains poorly characterized. Most studies are based on chronological age (CA) and disregard biological age (BA), the actual physiological age (result of the aging rate on the organ structure and function), thus yielding potentially imperfect outcomes. Deciphering the molecular basis of ventricular aging, especially by BA, could lead to major progresses in cardiac research. We aim to describe the transcriptome dynamics of the aging left ventricle (LV) in humans according to both CA and BA and characterize the contribution of microRNAs, key transcriptional regulators. BA is measured using two CA-associated transcriptional markers: CDKN2A expression, a cell senescence marker, and apparent age (AppAge), a highly complex transcriptional index. Bioinformatics analysis of 132 LV samples shows that CDKN2A expression and AppAge represent transcriptomic changes better than CA. Both BA markers are biologically validated in relation to an aging phenotype associated with heart dysfunction, the amount of cardiac fibrosis. BA-based analyses uncover depleted cardiac-specific processes, among other relevant functions, that are undetected by CA. Twenty BA-related microRNAs are identified, and two of them highly heart-enriched that are present in plasma. We describe a microRNA-gene regulatory network related to cardiac processes that are partially validated in vitro and in LV samples from living donors. We prove the higher sensitivity of BA over CA to explain transcriptomic changes in the aging myocardium and report novel molecular insights into human LV biological aging. Our results can find application in future therapeutic and biomarker research.

Unbiased Decisions Among Women's Basketball Referees.

Decisions often reflect implicit biases. Ethnic, racial, and gender traits are associated with stereotypes that may influence the decision-making process. Previous research shows that referees' decisions in men's professional sports are often biased in favor of racial and nationalistic in-groups. This study examined if similar biases exist in women's professional sports. Additionally, this study analyzed the potential influence of the gender composition of referee teams on rapid decisions. We gathered data on referee foul calls in women's professional basketball in Spain, 2014-2019 and defined important decisions (fifth fouls) and stressful situations (one-possession matches). The main finding is that out-groups based on racial (i.e., Black players) and nationalistic (i.e., foreign players) criteria did not differ in number of foul calls received. In stressful situations, foreign players actually received fewer fouls than Spanish players. Similarly, there was no evidence of bias due to the gender composition of referee teams: foul calls did not differ between all-male and mixed teams. Implications for race and nationality as dynamic social constructs within ethnocentric and social identity theories are discussed.

Race and Employment: The Historical Case of Head Coaches in College Basketball.

This study analyzes how the number of Black coaches in college basketball has evolved since 1947. The analysis puts a focus on the time period after 1973 when regulatory requirements changed and a new Division was established. The change in the number of Divisions created distorted conditions and led to a significant difference in the number of Black coaches within Divisions. We trace a significantly lower number of Black coaches in Division 3 which is still visible 40 years later. The results are time consistent, not clustered geographically, and unrelated to specific institutions. Our results have policy implications for college sports as well as other industries with similar working conditions.

Tumoración mamaria en paciente joven no siempre es benigna / Breast lump in young patient is not always benign

Las tumoraciones en la mama son una de las patologías más prevalentes en las consultas de Atención Primaria desde la adolescencia hasta la vejez. El cáncer de mama es una patología que actualmente supone la causa más frecuente de cáncer en la mujer. Creemos necesario la correcta realización de una historia clínica en Atención Primaria y la utilización de herramientas para mejorar el diagnóstico y agilizar la consulta. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 17 años que acude a la consulta de Atención Primaria por aumento de densidad en la parte superior de la mama izquierda de 3 meses de evolución cuyo diagnóstico final fue un carcinoma ductal infiltrante

Breast masses are one of the most prevalent diseases in Primary care consultations from adolescence to old age. Breast cancer is currently the most frequent cancer in women. We deem it necessary to take a proper medical history and to use tools to improve diagnosis and streamline consultations. We present the case of a 17-year-old woman who consults her primary care physician for an increased density in the upper left breast for 3 month after onset, whose final diagnosis was infiltrating ductal carcinoma

Hernia de Bochdalek asintomática en paciente adulto / Asymptomatic Bochdalek Hernia in adult patient

La hernia diafragmática congénita de Bochdalek es un trastorno caracterizado por un defecto en el cierre posterolateral del diafragma durante el desarrollo embrionario, poco frecuente en edad adulta y además menos frecuente que sea asintomática. Les presentamos el caso de una paciente 56 años que es diagnosticada de esta anomalía de manera incidental que hasta el momento se encuentra asintomática y que conjuntamente con el servicio de Cirugía General se decide tratamiento expectante. En nuestro caso, la utilización de la consulta Telemática, nos ayuda a la resolución sin tener que desplazar a la paciente al centro hospitalario de referencia

Congenital diaphragmatic Bochdalek hernia is a disorder characterized by a defect in the posterolateral closure of the diaphragm during embryonic development. It is infrequent in adulthood and asymptomatic cases are even more uncommon. We present the case of an asymptomatic 56-year-old woman who was incidentally diagnosed with this anomaly. Working together with the General Surgery service, we decided to observe instead of treating the patient. We used Telematic assistance to close the case, and the patient did not need to visit the reference Hospital

La metamorfología vs. la crisis de medicina / Metamorphology versus the crisis in medicine

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Aspergilosis del muñón bronquial. Una entidad inusual / Bronchial stump aspergillosis. An unusual disease

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Dolor abdominal agudo como presentación de un linfoma ovárico / Acute abdominal pain as presentation of an ovarian lymphoma

Antecedentes: El linfoma no Hodgkin de ovario es una patología infrecuente, más aun el ovárico primario. Caso Clínico: Presentamos el caso de una paciente con antecedente de diverticulitis aguda y varios episodios posteriores de dolor abdominal agudo, fiebre y aumento de reactantes de fase aguda con pruebas de imagen no concluyentes. A pesar de la buena respuesta inicial al tratamiento antibiótico, durante uno de los episodios la paciente precisa intervención quirúrgica urgente. Durante la intervención se halla una enfermedad tumoral avanzada con diagnóstico histológico de linfoma difuso de células grandes B. Conclusión: En el diagnóstico diferencial ante una sintomatología similar a la de nuestra paciente, se debería tener presente la posibilidad de un linfoma ovárico, a pesar de su baja incidencia.

Background: Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the ovary is an infrequent pathology, even more primary one. Clinical case: We report a patient with a history of acute diverticulitis and several episodes of acute abdominal pain, fever and increased acute phase reactants with inconclusive imaging tests. Patient required urgent surgery during one episode despite a good initial response to antibiotic therapy. A locally advanced tumour disease was found in surgical intervention which was diagnosed as a diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Conclusion: In the differential diagnosis in a manner similar to that of our patient symptoms, we should keep in mind the possibility of an ovarian lymphoma despite their low incidence.

Evidence on soccer-specific stadiums and attendance: The Major League Soccer case / Evidencia sobre los estadios de fútbol específicos y la asistencia: el caso de la MLS

The aim of this study is to test the influence of soccer-specific stadiums on attendance figures in the Major League Soccer. For that purpose, we use a regression model that analyzes all regular season games from 2004 to 2014 (2538 observations). The logarithm of attendance is the dependent variable, while the type of stadium, uncertainty of outcome, performance of teams, weather conditions, year, month and game day are the independent variables. The results show a significant positive influence of the soccer-specific stadiums and the performance of teams

El objetivo de este artículo es examinar la influencia de los estadios específicos de fútbol en los números de asistencia de la Major League Soccer. Para ello, se ha estimado un modelo de regresión que analiza todos los partidos de la liga regular desde 2004 hasta 2014 (2,538 observaciones). El logaritmo de la asistencia es la variable dependiente mientras que el tipo de estadio, incertidumbre del resultado, rendimiento de los equipos, condiciones meteorológicas, año, mes y día de partido representan las variables independientes. Los resultados muestran una influencia significativamente positiva de los estadios específicos de fútbol y del rendimiento de los equipos

Electrophysiological Evidence of a Delay in the Visual Recognition Process in Young Children.

The present study analyzes the development of the visual recognition processing of the relevant stimulus in a Delayed Match-To-Sample (DMS) task during the matching phase. To do so, Electroencephalograms of 170 subjects between 6 and 26 years old were recorded. Behavioral responses and Event Related Potentials (ERPs) induced by the stimuli were obtained. Reaction times and errors, mainly omissions, were inversely related to age. The ERPs analysis showed a parietal negativity in the P7 and P8 electrodes when the relevant stimulus was presented in the contralateral site. This negativity resulting from the recognition and selection of the relevant stimulus was present in all age groups. However, the youngest children showed an extended latency in the recognition process. The results suggest that children and adults use similar processes to recognize the item maintained in visual short-term memory (VSTM), but children need more time to successfully recognize the memorized item.

Bocio amiloide como manifestación inicial en amiloidosis sistémica / Amyloid goiter as an initial manifestation of systemic amyloidosis

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Fronto-temporo-occipital activity changes with age during a visual working memory developmental study in children, adolescents and adults.

The present report analyzes differences in cerebral sources among several age groups with respect to the encoding, maintenance and recognition of stimuli during a visual working memory task. Differential intensity of involvement of anterior and posterior areas during working memory processing is expected at different ages. For that, 168 subjects between 6 and 26 years old performed a visual delayed match-to-sample task. The sample was subdivided into 5 age groups, and the cerebral sources were analyzed with sLORETA, comparing the groups two-by-two. The results showed that at younger ages more posterior regions are involved in working memory processing, while in adulthood more anterior regions are involved. Maintaining the visual item in memory showed some common activated areas with stimulus matching, indicating similar neural mechanisms involved in holding and selecting the target stimulus.

Granuloma aséptico facial idiopático / Idiopathic facial aseptic granuloma

El Granuloma Aséptico Facial Idiopático (GAFI) es un proceso dermatológico propio de la edad pediátrica, caracterizado por la presencia de un nódulo inflamatorio adquirido de larga evolución en la piel facial, sin dolor ni calor local. Su localización habitual es en la mejilla, en el triángulo que forma el ángulo externo del ojo, el lóbulo de la oreja y la comisura labial. Se han postulado varias hipótesis respecto a su etiología, como su relación con traumatismos sutiles o picaduras de insecto o bien se trate de un residuo embriológico o, la más aceptada en la actualidad, de una forma peculiar de manifestación de la rosácea en la infancia. Si bien en la literatura solo se han reportado 45 casos, algunos autores señalan que puede tratarse de un proceso poco conocido y no tan infrecuente en la edad infantil. Consideran así mismo que su apariencia clínica, localización y evolución características pueden ser suficientes para su diagnóstico, evitando así intervenciones diagnósticas y terapéuticas agresivas en una edad tan sensible al dolor, y con la posibilidad de secuelas cicatriciales en la cara. Presentamos un nuevo caso de GAFI, manejado de un modo conservador, tras ser diagnosticado a tenor de sus manifestaciones clínicas y evolutivas (AU)

The idiopathic facial aseptic granuloma (IFAG) is a cutaneous condition characteristic in the pediatric age which is characterized by an acquired inflammatory painless nodule of long-term evolution in the facial skin and presents no local heat. It usually appears on the cheeks, in the triangle formed by the external angle of the eye, the earlobe and the labial commissure. Several hypothesis have been postulated on its etiology: its appearance could be related to a slight injury or an insect bite or could be an embryological remnant. The most widely accepted hypothesis is that it could be a particular manifestation of rosacea in infants. Although only 45 cases have been reported in the literature, some authors point out that it could be a little known process and not so uncommon in the pediatric age. It is also considered that its clinical characteristic aspect, localization and evolution could be sufficient for correct diagnosis, thus avoiding invasive diagnostic interventions and aggressive therapies in such a sensitive age to pain and with the possibility to leave scars in the child’s face. The present is a new case of IFAG handled in a conservative way after diagnosis based on its evolutional and clinical manifestations (AU)

Cetoacidosis asociada a colecistitis aguda / Ketoacidosis associated with acute cholecystitis

Varón de 62 años con diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM-1) en tratamiento con insulina soluble humana de acción rápida y fumador de 20-30 cigarrillos/día que acudió al Servicio de Urgencias por alteración del estado general. Refiere niveles elevados de glucemia, a pesar de haber disminuido la ingesta de alimentos, que no consigue controlar con su pauta habitual de insulina. Asocia un cuadro de deposiciones diarreicas en los últimos días, además de polidipsia. Comenta también cuadro de dolor abdominal tipo cólico, difuso, de tiempo indeterminado de evolución, que no relaciona con el cuadro actual. Con una exploración prácticamente anodina a su llegada y unas alteraciones analíticas que podrían ser secundarias a su descompensación diabética, fueron las pruebas de imagen quienes nos dieron el diagnóstico final (AU)

A 62 year old male with type 1 Diabetes mellitus (DM-1) being treated with short acting soluble human insulin, a smoker of 20-30 cigarettes per day, and who goes to the emergency department because of a deterioration in his general state of health. He has high blood sugar levels, despite having reduced intake of food which he is unable to control with his normal dosage of insulin. There is an associated clinical picture of loose stools over the last few days, as well as polydipsia. He also mentions abdominal cramps whose time of onset is vague, and which he does not relate to the current clinical picture. With a practically anodyne examination on his arrival and test abnormalities which could have been side effects of his diabetic imbalance, it was the imaging tests which provided the final diagnosis (AU)

Valoración de la función renal en diabéticos tipo 2 y su adecuación al tratamiento antidiabético oral / Assessment of the kidney function in type 2 diabetic patients and their appropriateness for oral antidiabetic treatment

Objetivo: Determinar la función renal mediante filtrado glomerular (FG) en diabéticos tipo 2 y su adecuación al tratamiento antidiabético oral. Material y Método: Estudio observacional transversal realizado en una muestra de diabéticos tipo 2, con una edad de 18 a 75 años, en tratamiento con antidiabéticos orales (ADO), en el Área Sanitaria de Talavera de la Reina (Toledo), en el periodo noviembre 2011 a junio de 2012. Resultados: Se estudiaron 191 pacientes, 103 varones, 88 mujeres, con edad media 62,5 (8,3) años. A 168 (87,96%) de estos pacientes se les pudo calcular el FG, siendo el FG medio de 95,5 (25,1). Siete (3,7%) pacientes en rango 45-60 y uno (0,5%) con FG menor de 30. La prevalencia de enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) fue del 4,8% [IC95% 2,4-9,1]. El fármaco más utilizado fue metformina seguido de IDPP4. En relación al FG en rango 45-60, los más utilizados fueron los inhibidores DPP4 solos o combinados con metformina; en el paciente con FG menor de 30, el medicamento utilizado fue la metformina. Conclusiones: La prevalencia que hemos hallado es inferior a la de otros estudios publicados. Es importante la determinación del FG en pacientes diabéticos. En nuestros pacientes, las indicaciones de tratamiento se adecuan, en general, a la función renal (AU)

Objective: Assessment of the kidney function by glomerular filtrate rate (GFR) in type 2 diabetic subjects and their appropriateness for antidiabetic oral treatment. Materials and Method: Cross-sectional observational study carried out in a sample of type 2 diabetic subjects aged between 18 and 75 years old treated with oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs) in the Health area of Talavera de la Reina (Toledo, Spain) in the period from November 2011 to June 2012. Results: A group of 191 patients was studied: 103 men and 88 women, with an average age of 62.5 (8.3) years. The FGR was calculated in 168 patients (87.96%), obtaining an FGR average value of 95.5 (25.1). Seven patients (3.7%) were within the 45-60 range and one (0.5%) with FGR under 30. The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) was 4.8% [CI95% 2, 4-9,1]. The most widely used drug was metformine followed by IDPP4. In relation to GFR in the 45-60 range, the most frequent drugs were DPP4 inhibitors alone or combined with metformine; in the patient with FGR below 30, the drug used was metformine. Conclusions: The prevalence found was lower than that in other previous studies published. The estimation of FGR is important in diabetic patients. In our group of patients, the treatment guidelines are generally adjusted to the kidney function (AU)